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English appropriate to commerce, ecommerce, shopping and industry, and the name for training courses in business usage, especially if offered to foreign learners: ‘Much business English teaching concentrates on communication skills: meetings; presentation; telephoning, and social skills in a business context etc.’ (EFL Gazette, Nov. 1990). Some observers regard international business English as a neutral, pragmatic means of communication among non-native users of the language. Andrew Fenner has labelled it IBL (international business language): ‘In a European context, IBL is the sort of English a Norwegian would use when trying to communicate with an Italian in Belgium. In other words, it is a lingua franca used between those for whom English is not their native language, but the only common language in which any sort of communication is possible. Its grammar and syntax vary, being modelled on those of the language of the person speaking in each case.

Economics study of how human beings allocate scarce resources to produce various commodities and how those commodities are distributed for consumption among the people in society (see distribution ). The essence of economics lies in the fact that resources are scarce, or at least limited, and that not all human needs and desires can be met. How to distribute these resources in the most efficient and equitable way is a principal concern of economists. The field of economics has undergone a remarkable expansion in the 20th cent. as the world economy has grown increasingly large and complex. Today, economists are employed in large numbers in private industry, government, and higher education (see economic planning ). Many subjects, such as political science and sociology, which were once regarded as part of the study of economics, have today become separate disciplines, although the study of any one generally implies a working knowledge of the others.

e-commerce commerce conducted over the Internet, most often via the World Wide Web . E-commerce can apply to purchases made through the Web or to business-to-business activities such as inventory transfers. A customer can order items from a vendor's Web site, paying with a credit card (the customer enters account information via the computer) or with a previously established "cyber cash" account. The transaction information is transmitted (usually by modem ) to a financial institution for payment clearance and to the vendor for order fulfillment. Personal and account information is kept confidential through the use of "secured transactions" that use encryption technology (see data encryption ).

In an effort to further the development of e-commerce, the federal Electronic Signatures Act (2000) established uniform national standards for determining the circumstances under which contracts and notifications in electronic form are legally valid. Legal standards were also specified regarding the use of an electronic signature ( "an electronic sound, symbol, or process, attached to or logically associated with a contract or other record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record" ), but the law did not specify technological standards for implementing the act. The act gave electronic signatures a legal standing similar to that of paper signatures, allowing contracts and other agreements, such as those establishing a loan or brokerage account, to be signed on line.

Once consumers' worries eased about on-line credit card purchases, e-commerce grew rapidly in the late 1990s. In 1998 on-line retail ( "e-tail" ) sales were $7.2 billion, double the amount in 1997. On-line retail ordering represented 15% of non store sales (which included catalogs, television sales, and direct sales) in 1998, but this constituted only 1% of total retail revenues that year. Books are the most popular on-line product order with over half of Web shoppers ordering books (one on-line bookseller, which started in 1995, had revenues of $610 million in 1998)—followed by software, audio compact discs, and personal computers . Other on-line commerce includes trading of stocks , purchases of airline tickets and groceries, and participation in auctions.

INTERNATIONAL SHOPPING: Countries included are Singapore Shopping, Mexico Shopping, Hong Kong Shopping, Japan Shopping, Panama Shopping, Argentina Shopping, Egypt Shopping, Indonesia Shopping, Malaysia Shopping, Sweden Shopping, Cuba, Greece, Venezuela, Tibet, Venezuela, Philippines, Denmark, Switzerland, Spain, Germany, Beijing, China, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Africa, Finland, Chile, Colombia, Laos, Ecuador, Missouri, Kentucky, Oregon, New Mexico, USA, US, shopping, product, marketing, and online advertising.